蓬松软（汤种）面包做法

汤种 面包 的做法

https://youtu.be/rxIS1rJ6M08?si=f0XASkILw2l7c97S

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汤种面包以其松软、拉丝、保湿性好著称。核心做法是将面粉与水以1:5的比例（如20g粉+100g水）搅拌均匀，加热至65℃形成浓稠面糊（糊化），冷却后（冷藏更佳）加入主面团中混合揉制。这种方法能使面团吸收更多水分，成品绵密细致，放几天都不变硬。 

YouTube

YouTube

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一、汤种制作（1:5比例）

材料： 高筋面粉20克，水（或牛奶）100克。

做法：

将面粉与水混合均匀，无颗粒。

小火加热并不断搅拌，直到面糊浓稠，表面出现纹路（约65℃），即离火。

盖上保鲜膜紧贴面糊降温（防止结皮），室温冷却或放入冰箱冷藏12-24小时效果更好。 

搜狐网

搜狐网

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二、主面团制作（以制作250-300克面粉吐司为例）

材料： 主面团高筋粉250-300g，白糖30-40g，盐3-5g，酵母4g，牛奶/水100g，鸡蛋一个（可选），黄油20-30g，煮好的汤种全部。

做法：

混合： 将除黄油和盐外的所有主面团材料与汤种混合，揉至面团起筋。

加入黄油： 加入黄油和盐，揉至扩展阶段（能拉出细薄的薄膜）。

基础发酵： 发酵至两倍大（28-29℃）。

分割整形： 分割滚圆，松弛15分钟。根据需求整形（如面包卷、吐司），进行第二次发酵。

烤焙： 预热烤箱，180℃烘烤20-30分钟，表面金黄即可。 

搜狐网

搜狐网

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三、关键技巧

汤种用量： 汤种重量通常占主面团配方中总粉量的20%~25%左右为宜。

温度控制： 汤种必须在完全冷却后使用。

操作关键： 搅拌至扩展阶段才能保证极致的松软拉丝组织。 

YouTube

YouTube

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【转】汤种的煮法，使用和保存法【面包秘诀】 - 下厨房

Mar 4, 2016 — 汤种面包的组织可以拉丝，非常绵密细致松软。 汤种基本上是用1份的高筋粉和5份的水煮成的面糊（比例是1：5），放凉至室温或者冷藏后（也可以放冷藏隔夜） ，就可以使用。 煮汤种的方法也...

下厨房

烘焙圈子：面包大法—— 汤种法～～汤种面包的汤汤水水全给你！ - 搜狐

Jul 23, 2017 — 汤种的具体做法一： * 1、在100克水中加入20克高筋面粉； * 4、加热至65度，面糊在搅拌时会有纹路出现即可离火； * 5、在面糊表面贴上一层保鲜膜，降到室温后即可使用；如果...

搜狐网

5:45

Japanese Tangzhong Bread - 汤种面包

YouTube·小高姐的 Magic Ingredients

8:04

做云朵般轻柔又柔软的牛奶面包，只需在面团里加上汤种，几乎没有人 ...

YouTube·佳宝妈美食GaBaoMom Cuisine

8:46

【汤种牛奶吐司】柔软拉丝奶香浓郁放几天都不变硬Milk toast-拾光识 ...

YouTube·拾光识味Taste of life

汤种面包_百度百科

汤种面包是起源于日本的一种面包制作方法。 “汤种”在日语里意为温热的面种或稀的面种，其中“汤”指热水，“种”指面肥材料 。 其工艺核心是将部分面粉与水混合加热，使淀粉糊化，通常加热...

baike.baidu.com

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How to convert .wav files into .mp3 ones?

Converting WAV to MP3 (Offline)

If you need an MP3 file instead of WAV, use lame: 

1. Install Lame: sudo apt-get install lame
2. Convert: lame -V2 output.wav output.mp3 

How can I convert a text file into an audio file without internet access on ubuntu?

$ pip install piper-tts

 

Since you installed it via pip, you can use the piper command directly in your terminal. Because Piper is a "neural" text-to-speech engine, it doesn't come with voices built-in; you have to provide a model file (.onnx) and its configuration file (.json).

Here is the workflow to convert your text file:

1. Get a Voice Model

If you haven't already, download a voice from the official repository. You need both files for a specific voice (e.g., en_US-lessac-medium.onnx and en_US-lessac-medium.onnx.json).

2. The Conversion Command

To convert a text file (let's call it input.txt) into an audio file (output.wav), use the following syntax:

Bash

piper --model /path/to/voice.onnx < input.txt --output_file output.wav

3. Practical Example

If your text file is named script.txt and your model is in the same folder, run:

Bash

cat script.txt | piper --model en_US-lessac-medium.onnx --output_file speech.wav

---

Pro Tips for Better Usage

• Adjusting Speed: Use the --length_scale flag. A higher number makes it slower, a lower number makes it faster.

  • Example (Slower): --length_scale 1.5

• Adding Pause/Sentence Gap: Use the --sentence_silence flag to add seconds of silence between sentences.

  • Example: --sentence_silence 0.5

• Batch Processing: If you want to listen to the file immediately without saving it, you can pipe it to a player like aplay (built-in to Ubuntu):

  Bash

  cat script.txt | piper --model en_US-lessac-medium.onnx --output-raw | aplay -r 22050 -f S16_LE -t raw
  

Quick Note: If you get a "command not found" error, your pip script folder might not be in your PATH. You can usually fix this by running python3 -m piper instead of just piper at the start of the command.

Do you have a specific voice or language in mind, or are you looking for recommendations on the best-sounding models?

 

Sorry, I open the page, but can not find en_US-lessac-medium.onnx and en_US-lessac-medium.onnx.json

 

# Download the .onnx model file
wget -O en_US-lessac-medium.onnx "https://huggingface.co/rhasspy/piper-voices/resolve/main/en/en_US/lessac/medium/en_US-lessac-medium.onnx?download=true"

# Download the .json config file
wget -O en_US-lessac-medium.onnx.json "https://huggingface.co/rhasspy/piper-voices/resolve/main/en/en_US/lessac/medium/en_US-lessac-medium.onnx.json?download=true"

 

# Download the .onnx model file (approx. 114MB)
wget -O en_GB-cori-high.onnx "https://huggingface.co/rhasspy/piper-voices/resolve/main/en/en_GB/cori/high/en_GB-cori-high.onnx?download=true"

# Download the .json config file
wget -O en_GB-cori-high.onnx.json "https://huggingface.co/rhasspy/piper-voices/resolve/main/en/en_GB/cori/high/en_GB-cori-high.onnx.json?download=true"

 

Run the conversion

Once those are finished, use this command to convert your text file (e.g., input.txt) to a UK-voiced audio file:

Bash

cat input.txt | piper --model en_GB-cori-high.onnx --output_file uk_speech.wav

Other UK Options

Gemini, could you give me the commands for downloading some other GB voice models, please? Thank you!

 

Here are the commands for some of the most popular British (UK) voice models available for Piper. Each model has a slightly different personality and quality level.

1. Alan (Male - Medium Quality)

This is a standard, clear male British voice.

Bash

# Model
wget -O en_GB-alan-medium.onnx "https://huggingface.co/rhasspy/piper-voices/resolve/main/en/en_GB/alan/medium/en_GB-alan-medium.onnx?download=true"

# Config
wget -O en_GB-alan-medium.onnx.json "https://huggingface.co/rhasspy/piper-voices/resolve/main/en/en_GB/alan/medium/en_GB-alan-medium.onnx.json?download=true"

2. Southern English Female (Female - Low Quality)

Despite being "low" quality, it is very fast and efficient, with a distinct southern accent.

Bash

# Model
wget -O en_GB-southern_english_female-low.onnx "https://huggingface.co/rhasspy/piper-voices/resolve/main/en/en_GB/southern_english_female/low/en_GB-southern_english_female-low.onnx?download=true"

# Config
wget -O en_GB-southern_english_female-low.onnx.json "https://huggingface.co/rhasspy/piper-voices/resolve/main/en/en_GB/southern_english_female/low/en_GB-southern_english_female-low.onnx.json?download=true"

3. VCTK (Multi-speaker - Medium Quality)

The VCTK model is unique because it contains dozens of different British speakers in one file. You can switch between them using the --speaker flag (e.g., --speaker 0, --speaker 1, etc.).

Bash

# Model
wget -O en_GB-vctk-medium.onnx "https://huggingface.co/rhasspy/piper-voices/resolve/main/en/en_GB/vctk/medium/en_GB-vctk-medium.onnx?download=true"

# Config
wget -O en_GB-vctk-medium.onnx.json "https://huggingface.co/rhasspy/piper-voices/resolve/main/en/en_GB/vctk/medium/en_GB-vctk-medium.onnx.json?download=true"

---

How to use them

Just swap the model name in your command. For example, to use the Alan voice:

Bash

cat temp03.txt | piper --model en_GB-alan-medium.onnx --output_file output_alan.wav

Pro Tip: Automating the check

Since you've had issues with corrupted downloads before, you can run this quick "check" after downloading to see if the file is valid:

Bash

# This will show the size; Alan should be ~15MB, VCTK ~45MB
ls -lh *.onnx

If you ever want to try a Northern English accent, there is also a northern_english_male model available—just let me know and I'll grab those links for you!

 

Yes, please. Thank you!

 

The Northern English voice is a great choice—it has a very distinct, warm character compared to the standard "Received Pronunciation" (London-style) voices.

Here are the commands for the Northern English Male model (Medium quality):

1. Download the Northern English Voice Files

Bash

# Download the .onnx model file (approx. 63MB)
wget -O en_GB-northern_english_male-medium.onnx "https://huggingface.co/rhasspy/piper-voices/resolve/main/en/en_GB/northern_english_male/medium/en_GB-northern_english_male-medium.onnx?download=true"

# Download the .json config file
wget -O en_GB-northern_english_male-medium.onnx.json "https://huggingface.co/rhasspy/piper-voices/resolve/main/en/en_GB/northern_english_male/medium/en_GB-northern_english_male-medium.onnx.json?download=true"

2. Run the conversion

Use this command to hear the new accent:

Bash

cat temp03.txt | piper --model en_GB-northern_english_male-medium.onnx --output_file northern_uk.wav

---

A Quick Tip for Your Setup

Since you've downloaded several voices now, your folder might be getting a bit crowded. You can verify all your available models at once with:

Bash

ls -lh *.onnx

Common Model Sizes for Comparison:

• Cori (High): ~114 MB

• Northern English (Medium): ~63 MB

• Alan (Medium): ~15 MB

If any of these files show a size of only a few KB, they didn't download correctly—just delete that specific file and run the wget command for it again.

Enjoy the new voice! It’s one of the more unique ones in the British collection.

 

How to find files? How to find directories?

How to find files? 

du -sk ./* | sort -nr

or 

du -sk ./* | grep -i "keyword" | sort -nr

or 

$ find . -maxdepth 1 -iname "*keyword*" -type f -printf "%T+ %p\n" | sort -r

or 

$ find . -maxdepth 1 -iname "*keyword*" -type f -exec du -sk {} + | sort -nr

 

How to find directories?

$ du -sk ./*/ | sort -nr

or

$ du -sk ./*/ | grep -i "keyword" | sort -nr 

or

$ find . -maxdepth 1 -iname "*keyword*" -type d -not -path '.' -printf "%T+ %p\n" | sort -r

or

$ find . -maxdepth 1 -iname "*keyword*" -type d -not -path '.' -exec du -sk {} + | sort -nr 

 

How can I convert the text in a text file into audio for free of charge?

Gemini said Converting text to audio for free can be done through several methods depending on whether you prefer a quick online tool or a more robust command-line solution that fits into your Ubuntu workflow. 1. Command-Line Solutions (Ubuntu Terminal) Since you are a proficient Linux user, these local tools are often the most efficient for batch processing text files without privacy concerns or character limits. gTTS (Google Text-to-Speech) This uses Google’s TTS API and produces very clear, natural-sounding .mp3 files. Install: pip install gTTS Usage: Bash gtts-cli -f input.txt -o audio.mp3

How to find the most largest 10 files on Ubuntu?

To find the largest 10 files in a directory recursively on Ubuntu, use a combination of the

find, du, sort, and head commands. 

Command to find the 10 largest files (human-readable format)

Run the following command in your terminal. Replace . with the specific directory path if you want to search a different location: 

bash

find . -type f -exec du -Sh {} + | sort -rh | head -n 10

Explanation of the Command

Here is a breakdown of the commands and options used:

• find .: Starts the search from the current directory (.) and traverses all subdirectories recursively.
• -type f: Restricts the search to regular files only, ignoring directories, links, etc..
• -exec du -Sh {} +: Executes the du command on the found files.
  • du: Estimates file space usage.
  • -S: Reports the size of individual files, not including the size of subdirectories (important for listing individual files correctly).
  • -h: Displays sizes in a human-readable format (e.g., 10MB, 2G).
  • {} and +: These are used by find to pass multiple filenames to a single du command efficiently.
• |: Pipes the output of the find command to the sort command.
• sort -rh: Sorts the output lines.
  • -r: Reverses the sort order, placing the largest files at the top.
  • -h: Compares human-readable numbers correctly (e.g., understands that 2G is larger than 10M).
• | head -n 10: Displays only the first 10 lines of the sorted output (the top 10 largest files). 

Alternative: Using Bytes for Precise Sorting

If you need a very precise numeric sort (e.g., if the human-readable sorting behaves unexpectedly on non-GNU systems), you can print sizes in bytes: 

bash

find . -type f -printf "%s %p\n" | sort -nr | head -n 10

This command prints the size in bytes (%s) followed by the file path (%p), sorts numerically (-n) in reverse order (-r), and shows the top 10 results. 

Interactive Method (GUI/TUI)

For an interactive, user-friendly experience, you can use the ncdu tool, which is available in the Ubuntu package manager. 

1. Install ncdu: sudo apt install ncdu.
2. Run in the directory: ncdu . (or a specific path, e.g., ncdu /var/log). This provides an interactive interface to navigate directories and see the largest files and folders. 

Back up with rsync

Gemini, when I back up my dev/ (development) directory (there are some Python scripts), may I exclude all the venv/ (virtual environment) directories?

The short answer is yes, absolutely. In fact, most developers would argue that you should exclude them.

Think of a virtual environment like a specialized toolkit you assembled for a specific project. While the tools inside are necessary to get the job done, you don't need to pack the entire heavy toolbox when you move house—you just need the shopping list so you can buy those same tools again at your new place.

Why you should exclude venv/

• Size: Virtual environments can contain thousands of files and take up hundreds of megabytes. Backing them up makes your backups slow and bloated.

• Portability: Virtual environments are "brittle." They often contain hardcoded paths to your specific machine's Python interpreter. If you restore a venv/ folder to a different computer (or even a different folder on the same computer), it will likely break.

• Redundancy: All the libraries inside (like Pandas, Flask, or Requests) already exist on the internet (PyPI). There's no need to pay for storage to keep a second copy of them.

---

The "Shopping List" Method

Instead of backing up the folder, you should back up the metadata required to recreate it. This keeps your backup light and functional.

1. Generate the list: Before backing up, run this command inside your project:

   pip freeze > requirements.txt

2. Back up the text file: Ensure requirements.txt is included in your backup.

3. Restore when needed: If you ever need to restore your project, simply create a fresh environment and run:

   pip install -r requirements.txt

What to skip vs. what to keep

To make your backup strategy efficient, here is a quick guide:

Category	Include in Backup?	Examples
Source Code	Yes	.py files, README, config files
Dependencies	No	venv/, env/, node_modules/
Metadata	Yes	requirements.txt, pyproject.toml
Build Artifacts	No	__pycache__/, .pyc files, dist/

---

Pro-tip: if you use Git for your development, ensure you have a .gitignore file in your root directory that includes venv/. This ensures you don't accidentally push those bulky files to GitHub or GitLab either.

Would you like me to generate a standard .gitignore template for your Python projects?

 

I back up my dev/ directory with rsync. Could you show me the rsync command, which exclude dependencies and build artifacts, please?

 

Since you are using rsync, you can use the --exclude flag to skip those bulky, non-essential directories. This keeps your backup slim and avoids the "broken path" issues that come with moving virtual environments.

The Recommended rsync Command

You can run a single command that targets the most common Python clutter:

Bash

rsync -avz --exclude='venv/' --exclude='env/' --exclude='__pycache__/' --exclude='.pytest_cache/' --exclude='*.pyc' /path/to/source/dev/ /path/to/destination/backup/

Breakdown of the flags:

• -a (archive): This is a "super-flag" that preserves permissions, symlinks, and timestamps. It also turns on recursion.

• -v (verbose): Shows you exactly which files are being copied in real-time.

• -z (compress): Compresses file data during the transfer (great if you're backing up to a network drive or remote server).

• --exclude: Tells rsync to ignore specific patterns. Note that venv/ (with the trailing slash) ensures it only skips directories.

---

Pro-Tip: Using an Exclude File

If your dev/ directory has a lot of different project types (e.g., some Python, some Node.js, some Rust), the command line can get very messy. Instead, you can create a text file named exclude-list.txt and list everything you want to skip:

exclude-list.txt

Plaintext

venv/
env/
__pycache__/
.pytest_cache/
.git/
node_modules/
dist/
build/
*.pyc
.DS_Store

Then run the simplified command:

Bash

rsync -avz --exclude-from='exclude-list.txt' /path/to/source/dev/ /path/to/destination/backup/

A Quick Warning on Trailing Slashes

In rsync, the trailing slash on the source directory matters significantly:

• dev/ (with slash): Copies the contents of the directory into the destination.

• dev (no slash): Copies the directory itself into the destination.

Would you like me to help you write a small bash script that automates this backup and adds a timestamp to each folder?